Molecular Biomarkers in Colon Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Synthesis

Background and aim: Colon cancer remains a significant global health concern, necessitating improved diagnostic and prognostic tools. Molecular biomarkers have emerged as promising candidates for enhancing colon cancer management. This integrative review aims to consolidate current knowledge on molecular biomarkers in colon cancer diagnosis and prognosis, offering insights into their potential clinical utility.
Methods: A systematic literature search across relevant databases was conducted to identify studies published up to September 2023. Keywords such as "colon cancer," "molecular biomarkers," "diagnosis," and "prognosis" were used to select pertinent research articles. Included studies were assessed for their methodology, biomarker selection, validation, and clinical relevance.
Results: The review highlights an array of molecular biomarkers, including microRNAs, genetic mutations (e.g., KRAS, BRAF), and epigenetic alterations (e.g., DNA methylation), implicated in colon cancer diagnosis and prognosis. We discuss their sensitivity, specificity, and clinical applicability, emphasizing their role in early detection, risk stratification, and treatment response prediction. Furthermore, we elucidate the potential of liquid biopsies and multi-biomarker panels in improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.
Conclusion: Molecular biomarkers hold significant promise in advancing colon cancer diagnostics and prognostics. This comprehensive synthesis underscores the clinical potential of various biomarkers, paving the way for personalized approaches to colon cancer management. Future research should focus on standardization, large-scale validation, and integration of these biomarkers into routine clinical practice.